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Retrieved 22 January 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2018. Many Māori migrated to larger rural towns and cities during the Depression and post-WWII periods in search of employment, leaving rural communities depleted and disconnecting many urban Māori from their traditional ways of life. Government of New Zealand.

The arrival of Europeans to New Zealand, sol in the 17th century, brought enormous changes to the Māori way of life. With standard dating precautions followed, NZDating members feel more at ease getting to know each other in this new social scene. An Otago University study by Professor Matisoo-Smith shows that New Zealand was met from southern Asia with the nz dating classic mainly M branch with some N lineage and Denisovan DNA. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books. When Whiria led a war-party against in 1838, he had 131 Europeans among his warriors. Successive governments have responded by enacting programmes, funding cultural u initiatives and negotiating tribal settlements for past breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi. Retrieved 7 June 2018.

The largest battle ever fought in New Zealand, the , occurred around 1780—90, south of on a ridge near. The signature treatments are available for couples and Champagne is served at the end. Being a traditionally tribal people, no one organisation ostensibly speaks for all Māori nationwide. Political and economic redress for historical grievances is also ongoing see.

- Ta Moko, The Art of Māori Tattoo. Retrieved 15 June 2008.

A group of Māori performing a Total population approx. Māori originated with settlers from eastern , who arrived in New Zealand in several waves of canoe voyages some time between 1250 and 1300. Over several centuries in isolation, the Polynesian settlers developed a , with their own language, a rich mythology, and distinctive crafts and performing arts. Early Māori formed tribal groups based on eastern Polynesian social customs and organisation. Horticulture flourished using plants they introduced; later, a prominent culture emerged. The arrival of Europeans to New Zealand, starting in the 17th century, brought enormous changes to the Māori way of life. Māori people gradually adopted many aspects of Western society and culture. Initial relations between Māori and Europeans were largely amicable, and with the signing of the in 1840, the two cultures coexisted as part of a new British colony. Rising tensions over disputed land sales led to conflict in the 1860s. Social upheaval, decades of conflict and epidemics of introduced disease took a devastating toll on the Māori population, which fell dramatically. By the start of the 20th century, the Māori population had begun to recover, and efforts have been made to increase their standing in wider New Zealand society and achieve social justice. Traditional Māori culture has thereby enjoyed a significant revival, which was further bolstered by a that emerged in the 1960s. In the 2013 census, there were approximately 600,000 people in New Zealand identifying as Māori, making up roughly 15 per cent of the national population. In addition, more than 140,000 Māori live in Australia. The known as te reo Māori is spoken to some extent by about a fifth of all Māori, representing 3 per cent of the total population. Māori are active in all spheres of New Zealand culture and society, with independent representation in areas such as media, politics and sport. Disproportionate numbers of Māori face significant economic and social obstacles, and generally have lower life expectancies and incomes compared with other New Zealand ethnic groups. They suffer higher levels of crime, health problems, and educational under-achievement. Political and economic redress for historical grievances is also ongoing see. Look up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. In legends and oral traditions, the word distinguished ordinary mortal human beings— tāngata māori—from and spirits wairua. The Māori used the term Māori to describe themselves in a pan-tribal sense. The term can also refer to the Māori people as a whole in relation to New Zealand as a whole. The Department of Native Affairs was renamed as the Department of Māori Affairs. It is now known as , or the Ministry for Māori Development. For example, bloodlines or percentage of Māori ancestry was used to determine whether a person should enroll on the general electoral roll or the separate. In 1947, the authorities determined that a man who was five-eighths Māori had improperly voted in the general parliamentary electorate of. The Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1974 changed the definition, allowing individuals to self-identify as to their cultural identity. The Māori settlement of New Zealand represents an end-point of a long chain of voyages in the. The most current reliable evidence strongly indicates that the initial settlement of New Zealand occurred around 1280 , at the end of the. Previous dating of some Polynesian rat bones at 50—150 has now been shown to have been unreliable; new samples of bone and now also of unequivocally rat-gnawed woody seed cases match the 1280 date of the earliest archaeological sites and the beginning of sustained deforestation by humans. Māori oral history describes the arrival of ancestors from the mythical homeland in tropical Polynesia , in large ocean-going. Migration accounts vary among tribes , whose members may identify with several waka in their genealogies. In the last few decades, mtDNA research has allowed an estimate to be made of the number of women in the founding population—between 50 and 100. Evidence from archaeology, linguistics, and physical anthropology indicates that the first settlers came from east Polynesia and became the Māori. These ancestors moved down through and. Atholl Anderson concluded from analysis of mtDNA female and Y chromosome male that the ancestors of Polynesian women came from Taiwan while those of Polynesian men came from New Guinea. Subsequently it was found that 96 per cent of Polynesian mtDNA has an Asian origin, as do one-third of Polynesian Y chromosomes, with the remaining two-thirds being from and nearby islands. An Otago University study by Professor Matisoo-Smith shows that New Zealand was populated from southern Asia with the mtDNA mainly M branch with some N lineage and Denisovan DNA. Most Polynesians, Māori included, have mtDNA in the B4a1a branch, and the founding population in now known to have been in the hundreds—much larger than previously thought. The eastern Polynesian ancestors of the Māori arrived in a forested land with , including several now extinct species weighing between 20 kilograms 44 lb and 250 kg 550 lb each. Other species, also now extinct, included a swan, a goose and the giant , which preyed upon the moa. Marine mammals—seals in particular—thronged the coasts, with evidence of coastal colonies much further north than those which remain today. Huge numbers of moa bones—estimated to be from between 29,000 and 90,000 birds—have been located at the mouth of the , between and on the east coast of the. Further south, at the mouth of the Waihemo , evidence suggests that at least 6,000 moa were slaughtered by humans over a relatively short period of time. Archaeology has shown that the region was the node of Māori cultural development during this time, and the majority of archaic settlements were on or within 10 km 6 mi of the coast. It was common for people to establish small temporary camps far inland for seasonal hunting. Settlements ranged in size from 40 people e. The best-known and most extensively studied Archaic site is at in the South Island. The site is similar to eastern Polynesian nucleated villages. Due to tectonic forces, some of the Wairau Bar site is now underwater. Work on the Wairau Bar skeletons in 2010 showed that life expectancy was very short, the oldest skeleton being 39 and most people dying in their 20s. Most of the adults showed signs of dietary or infection stress. Infections such as TB may have been present, as the symptoms were present in several skeletons. On average, the adults were taller than other South Pacific people, at 175 centimetres 5. From this period onward, some , either through over-predation by humans and the kiore and dog they introduced; repeated burning of the grassland that changed their habitat, or climate cooling, which appears to have occurred from about 1400—1450. The early Māori enjoyed a rich, varied diet of birds, fish, seals and shellfish. Moa were also an important source of meat. According to Professor Allan Cooper, the people slaughtered to extinction most of the various lost species within 100 years. Work by Helen Leach shows that Māori were using about 36 different food plants, although many required detoxification and long periods 12—24 hours of cooking. Sutton's research on early Māori fertility found that first pregnancy occurred at about 20 years and the mean number of births was low, compared with other neolithic societies. The low number of births may have been due to the very low average life expectancy of 31—32 years. Analysis of skeletons at Wairau Bar showed signs of a hard life, with many having had broken bones that had healed. This suggests that the people ate a balanced diet and enjoyed a supportive community that had the resources to support severely injured family members. Classic period 1500—1642 Model of a hillfort built on a headland. Pā proliferated as competition and warfare increased among a growing population. The cooling of the climate, confirmed by a detailed study near , shows a significant, sudden and long-lasting from 1500. This coincided with a series of massive earthquakes in the South Island Alpine fault, a major earthquake in 1460 in the area, that destroyed many coastal settlements, and the extinction of the moa and other food species. This period is characterised by finely made greenstone weapons and ornaments, elaborately carved canoes—a tradition that was later extended to and continued in elaborately carved meeting houses called —and a fierce. They developed known as , practiced , and built some of the largest ever. Around the year 1500, a group of Māori migrated east to the , where, by adapting to the local climate and the availability of resources, they developed into a people known as the , related to but distinct from the Māori of mainland New Zealand. A notable feature of Moriori culture was an emphasis on. When a party of invading North Taranaki Māori arrived in 1835, few of the estimated Moriori population of 2,000 survived; they were killed outright and many were enslaved. The largest battle ever fought in New Zealand, the , occurred around 1780—90, south of on a ridge near. The battle was fought between about 7,000 warriors from a -led force and a much smaller force under the leadership of. Early European contact 1642—1840 The first European impression of Māori, at in 's 1642. European settlement of New Zealand occurred in relatively recent historical times. Initial contact between Māori and Europeans proved problematic and sometimes fatal, with several accounts of Europeans being cannibalised. The Blowing Up of the Boyd by , 1889 From the 1780s, Māori encountered European and American and ; some Māori crewed on the foreign ships, with many crewing on whaling and sealing ships that operated in New Zealand waters. Some of the South Island crews were almost totally Māori. Between 1800 and 1820, there were 65 sealing voyages and 106 whaling voyages to New Zealand, mainly from Britain and Australia. A trickle of escaped and deserters from visiting ships, as well as early , also exposed the indigenous population to outside influences. In the in 1809, Māori took hostage and killed 66 members of the crew and passengers in apparent revenge for the captain's whipping the son of a Māori chief. Given accounts of cannibalism in this attack, shipping companies and missionaries kept their distance, significantly reducing their contact with the Māori for several years. The runaways were of various standing within Māori society, ranging from slaves to high-ranking advisors. Some runaways remained little more than prisoners, while others abandoned European culture and identified as Māori. Many Māori valued them as a means to acquire European knowledge and technology, particularly firearms. When Whiria led a war-party against in 1838, he had 131 Europeans among his warriors. European settlement of New Zealand increased steadily. By 1839, estimates placed the number of Europeans living among the Māori as high as 2,000; two-thirds lived in the North Island, especially in the. Contact with Europeans led to a sharing of concepts. The Māori language was first written down by in 1815, in ; this was followed 5 years later by A Grammar and Vocabulary of the New Zealand Language, compiled by Professor and aided by Kendall, Waikato Māori and the chief , on a visit to England in 1820. Māori quickly adopted writing as a means of sharing ideas, and many of their oral stories and poems were converted to the written form. Between February 1835 and January 1840, printed 74,000 Māori-language booklets from his press at. In 1843, the government distributed free gazettes to Māori called Ko Te Karere O Nui Tireni. Between 1805 and 1840, the acquisition of by tribes in close contact with European visitors upset the balance of power among Māori tribes. This led to a period of bloody known as the , which resulted in the decimation of several tribes and the driving of others from their traditional territory. It has been estimated that during this period the Māori population dropped from about 100,000 in 1800 to between 50,000 and 80,000 by the wars' end in 1843. A census of Māori made in 1856—1857 gave a figure of 56,049, which suggests the lower number of around 50,000 is perhaps more accurate. The picture is confused by uncertainty over how or if Pākehā Māori were counted, and the severe dislocation of many of the less powerful iwi and subtribes during the wars. The smashing of normal society by the four decades of wars and the driving of peaceful tribes from their productive turangawaewae, such as the Moriori in the by invading forces from North Taranaki, had a catastrophic effect on these conquered tribes. At the same time, the Māori suffered high mortality rates for new Eurasian infectious diseases, such as , and , which killed an unknown number of Māori: estimates vary between ten and fifty percent. The spread of resulted largely from the Māori lacking acquired to the new diseases. A huge influx of European settlers in the 1870s increased contact among many of the indigenous people with the newcomers. Measles, , , and almost everything, except and , have taken their toll of Māori dead. Treaty with the British Crown 1840 With increasing Christian activity and growing European settlement in the 1830s, and with growing lawlessness in New Zealand, the acceded to repeated requests from and some chiefs to intervene. Some freewheeling escaped convicts and seamen, as well as gunrunners and Americans actively worked against the British government by spreading rumours amongst the Māori that the government would oppress and mistreat them. Tamati Waka Nene, a pro-government chief, was angry that the government had not taken active steps to stop gunrunners selling weapons to rebels in Hokianga. In addition, the French were showing imminent interest in acquiring New Zealand to add to their stake in Polynesia. British immigrants believed that the French Catholic missionaries were spreading anti-British feeling. All of the chiefs who spoke against the Treaty on 5 February 1840 were Catholic. Years after the treaty was signed, Bishop admitted that all the Catholic chiefs and especially Rewa, had consulted him for advice. Ultimately, the British government sent Royal Navy Captain with instructions to negotiate a treaty between the British Crown and the people of New Zealand. Soon after arrival in New Zealand in February 1840, Hobson negotiated a treaty with North Island chiefs, later to become known as the. In the end, 500 tribal chiefs and a small number of Europeans signed the Treaty, while some chiefs — such as in Waikato — refused to sign. The Treaty gave Māori the rights of and guaranteed Māori property rights and tribal autonomy, in return for accepting British. Considerable dispute continues over aspects of the Treaty of Waitangi. The original treaty was written mainly by Busby and translated into Māori by Henry Williams, who was moderately proficient in Māori, and his son William, who was more skilled. They were handicapped by their imperfect Māori and the lack of exactly similar words in Māori, as well as by deep differences among the peoples on concepts of property rights and sovereignty, for example. At Waitangi the chiefs signed the Māori translation. Land disputes and conflict Main article: Despite conflicting interpretations of the provisions of the Treaty of Waitangi, relations between Māori and Europeans during the early colonial period were largely peaceful. Many Māori groups set up substantial businesses, supplying food and other products for domestic and overseas markets. Among the early European settlers who learnt the Māori language and recorded , , Governor of New Zealand from 1845—1855 and 1861—1868, stands out. These conflicts started when rebel Māori attacked isolated settlers in Taranaki but were fought mainly between Crown troops—from both Britain and new regiments raised in Australia, aided by settlers and some allied Māori known as kupapa —and numerous Māori groups opposed to the disputed land sales, including some Waikato Māori. While these conflicts resulted in few Māori compared to the earlier Musket wars or European deaths, the colonial government tracts of tribal land as punishment for what were called rebellions. In some cases the government confiscated land from tribes that had taken no part in the war, although this was almost immediately returned. Several minor conflicts also arose after the wars, including the incident at in 1881 and the from 1897—98. The Native Land Acts of 1862 and 1865 established the , which was intended to transfer Māori land from communal ownership into individual household title as a means to assimilation and to facilitate greater sales to European immigrants. Māori land under individual title became available to be sold to the colonial government or to settlers in private sales. Between 1840 and 1890, Māori sold 95 percent of their land 63,000,000 of 66,000,000 acres 270,000 km 2 in 1890. In total 4 per cent of this was confiscated land, although about a quarter of this was returned. Individual Māori titleholders received considerable capital from these land sales, with some lower Waikato Chiefs being given 1000 pounds each. Disputes later arose over whether or not promised compensation in some sales was fully delivered. Some claim that later, the selling off of Māori land and the lack of appropriate skills hampered Māori participation in developing the New Zealand economy, eventually diminishing the capacity of many Māori to sustain themselves. The Māori MP , from Waiuku, who was executive head of the King Movement, worked alongside King to sell land to the government. At that time the king sold 185,000 acres per year. In 1910 the Māori Land Conference at Waihi discussed selling a further 600,000 acres. King Mahuta had been successful in getting restitution for some blocks of land previously confiscated, and these were returned to the King in his name. Henare Kaihau invested all the money- 50,000 pounds- in an Auckland land company which collapsed; all 50,000 pounds of the kingitanga money was lost. He did not get past the , who said it was a New Zealand problem. Returning to New Zealand, the Premier insisted that all events happening before 1863 were the responsibility of the Imperial Government. By 1891 Māori comprised just 10 per cent of the population but still owned 17 per cent of the land, although much of it was of poor quality. Decline and revival Māori woman and children playing cards on doorstep of their home, , 1895 By the late 19th century a widespread belief existed amongst both Pākehā and Māori that the Māori population would cease to exist as a separate race or culture, and become assimilated into the European population. In 1840, New Zealand had a Māori population of about 50,000 to 70,000 and only about 2,000 Europeans. By 1860 the Europeans had increased to 50,000. The Māori population had declined to 37,520 in the 1871 census, although Sir Peter Buck believed this figure was too low. The figure was 42,113 in the 1896 census, by which time Europeans numbered more than 700,000. Professor Ian Pool noticed that as late as 1890, 40 per cent of all female Māori children who were born died before the age of one, a much higher rate than for males. The decline of the Māori population did not continue, and levels gradually stabilized and began to recover. Despite a substantial level of between the Māori and European populations, many ethnic Māori retained their cultural identity. The parliament instituted four in 1867, giving all Māori men universal suffrage, 12 years ahead of their European New Zealand counterparts. Until the , men had to satisfy property requirements of landowning or rental payments to qualify as voters. New Zealand was thus the first neo-European nation in the world to give the vote to its indigenous people. While the Māori seats encouraged Māori participation in politics, the relative size of the Māori population of the time vis à vis would have warranted approximately 15 seats. Sir became instrumental in the revival of traditional arts such as and carving. From the late 19th century, successful Māori politicians such as , , and , were influential in politics. At one point Carroll became Acting. The group, known as the , cut across voting-blocs in Parliament and aimed to revitalise the Māori people after the devastation of the previous century. They believed the future path called for a degree of , with Māori adopting European practices such as and education, especially learning English. Ngata acted as a major force behind the revival of arts such as and carving. He also enacted a programme of land development, which helped many iwi retain and develop their land. Ngata became very close to , the Waikato kingite leader, who was supported by the government in her attempt to improve living conditions for Waikato. Ngata transferred four blocks of land to Te Puea and her husband and arranged extensive government grants and loans. Ngata sacked the pakeha farm development officer and replaced him with Te Puea. He arranged for her to have a car to travel around the various farms. Te Puea's husband was also given a large farm at Tikitere near Rotorua. The public, media and parliament became alarmed at the flow of funds from government to Te Puea during the recession. A Royal Commission was held in 1934 that found Ngata guilty of maladministration and misappropriation of funds to the value of 500,000 pounds. Ngata was forced to resign. During the , a Māori pioneer force was taken to Egypt but quickly was turned into a successful combat infantry battalion; in the last years of the war it was known as the. It mainly comprised Te Arawa, Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki, Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti, Ngāti Porou and Ngāti Kahungun and later many Cook Islanders; the Waikato and Taranaki tribes refused to enlist or be. Māori were badly hit by the when the Māori battalion returned from the Western Front. The death rate from influenza for Māori was 4. Many Māori, especially in the Waikato, were very reluctant to visit a doctor and went to a hospital only when the patient was nearly dead. To cope with isolation, Waikato Māori, under Te Puea's leadership, increasingly returned to the old Hau hau cult of the 1860s. Until 1893, 53 years after the Treaty of Waitangi, Māori did not pay tax on land holdings. In 1893 a very light tax was payable only on leasehold land, and it was not till 1917 that Māori were required to pay a heavier tax equal to half that paid by other New Zealanders. During the , the government decided to exempt Māori from the conscription that applied to other citizens. The Māori volunteered in large numbers, forming the 28th or , which performed creditably, notably in , and Italy. Altogether 16,000 Māori took part in the war. Māori, including Cook Islanders, made up 12 per cent of the total New Zealand force. Many Māori migrated to larger rural towns and cities during the Depression and post-WWII periods in search of employment, leaving rural communities depleted and disconnecting many urban Māori from their traditional ways of life. Yet while standards of living improved among Māori during this time, they continued to lag behind Pākehā in areas such as health, income, skilled employment and access to higher levels of education. Māori leaders and government policymakers alike struggled to deal with social issues stemming from increased urban migration, including a shortage of housing and jobs, and a rise in urban crime, poverty and health problems. Recent history 1960s—present Since the 1960s, Māoridom has undergone a cultural revival concurrent with activism for social justice and a. Government recognition of the growing political power of Māori and political activism have led to limited for confiscation of land and for the violation of other. In 1975 the Crown set up the , a body with the powers of a , to investigate and make recommendations on such issues, but it cannot make binding rulings; the Government need not accept the findings of the Waitangi Tribunal, and has rejected some of them. Since 1976, people of Māori descent may choose to enroll on either the general or Māori roll, and vote in either the Māori only or general electorates, but not both. During the 1990s and 2000s, the government negotiated with Māori to provide redress for breaches by the Crown of the guarantees set out in the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. The largest settlement, signed on 25 June 2008 with seven Māori iwi, transferred nine large tracts of forested land to Māori control. As a result of the redress paid to many iwi, Māori now have significant interests in the fishing and forestry industries. There is a growing Māori leadership who are using the treaty settlements as an investment platform for economic development. Despite a growing acceptance of Māori culture in wider New Zealand society, the settlements have generated controversy on both sides. Some Māori have complained that the settlements occur at a level of between 1 and 2. Both of these sentiments were expressed during the in 2004. In the , 598,605 people identified as being part of the Māori ethnic group, accounting for 14. The majority of those claiming Māori ethnicity, 291,105 people, have both European and Māori descent, due to the high rate of intermarriage between the two cultures, while 278,199 people identified as of sole Māori ethnicity. According to the 2013 census, the largest iwi by population is 125,601 , followed by 71,049 , 54,819 and 40,083. However, over 110,000 people of Māori descent could not identify their iwi. Outside of New Zealand, a large Māori population exists in Australia, estimated at 155,000 in 2011. The Māori Party has suggested a special seat should be created in the New Zealand parliament representing Māori in Australia. Smaller communities also exist in the United Kingdom approx. A Māori chief with tattoos seen by James Cook and his crew. The ancestors of the Māori arrived from eastern Polynesia during the 13th century, bringing with them Polynesian cultural customs and beliefs. However, the archaeological record indicates a gradual evolution of a culture that varied in pace and extent according to local resources and conditions. In the course of a few centuries, the growing population led to competition for resources and an increase in warfare. The archaeological record reveals an increased frequency of fortified , although debate continues about the amount of conflict. Various systems arose which aimed to conserve resources; most of these, such as and , used religious or supernatural threats to discourage people from taking species at particular seasons or from specified areas. Warfare between tribes was common, generally over land conflicts or to restore. Fighting was carried out between hapū. Although not practised during times of peace, Māori would sometimes eat their conquered enemies. As Māori continued in geographic isolation, performing arts such as the developed from their Polynesian roots, as did carving and weaving. Regional dialects arose, with differences in vocabulary and in the pronunciation of some words. In 1819 two young northern chiefs, Tuai and Titere, who had learnt to speak and write English, went to London, where they met the language expert Samuel Lee. The language retained enough similarities to other , to the point where , the navigator on 's first voyage in the region acted as an interpreter between Māori and the crew of the. Belief and religion Main articles: and Traditional Māori beliefs have their origins in Polynesian culture. Many stories from Māori mythology are analogous with stories across the Pacific Ocean. These practices remained until the arrival of Europeans, when much of Māori religion and mythology was supplanted by Christianity. At the , 8. Proportions of Christian and irreligious Māori are comparable with European New Zealanders. A young man performs in a group at a tourist venue. It includes posture dance , dance accompanied by song and rhythmic movements of the poi, a light ball on a string , waiata-ā-ringa action songs and waiata koroua traditional chants. From the early 20th century kapa haka concert parties began touring overseas. Since 1972 there has been a regular competition, the National Festival, organised by the Aotearoa Traditional Māori Performing Arts Society. Māori from different regions send representative groups to compete in the biennial competition. There are also kapa haka groups in schools, tertiary institutions and workplaces. It is also performed at tourist venues across the country. Literature and media See also: , , and Like other cultures, oral folklore was used by Māori to preserve their stories and beliefs across many centuries. In the 19th century, European-style literacy was brought to the Māori, which led to Māori history documentation in books, novels and later television. Māori language use began to decline in the 20th century with English as the language through which Māori literature became widespread. Notable Māori novelists include , and. It was the highest-grossing film in New Zealand until 2006, and received international acclaim, winning several international film prizes. While some Māori feared that viewers would consider the violent male characters an accurate portrayal of Māori men, most critics praised it as exposing the raw side of. Some Māori opinion, particularly feminist, welcomed the debate on domestic violence that the film enabled. They are in films like , , , , , , , and others, and famous television series like , , and. In most cases their roles in productions have them portraying ethnic groups other than Māori. Sport A performed by the before a game. Māori participate fully in , and are well-represented in rugby union, rugby league and netball teams at all levels. The performs a , a traditional Māori challenge, before international matches. As well as participation in national sports teams, there are Māori , and representative teams that play in international competitions. At the in Rio de Janeiro, 41 of the 199 competitors 20. There were also three competitors of Māori descent in the. Ki-o-rahi got an unexpected boost when chose it to represent New Zealand. Main articles: and From about 1890, Māori realised the importance of English literacy to Māori and insisted that all Māori children be taught in English. Missionaries, who still ran many Māori schools, had been teaching exclusively in Māori but the Māori MPs insisted this should stop. However attendance at school for many Māori was intermittent. Linguists classify it within the Eastern Polynesian languages as being closely related to , and. Māori were familiar with the concept of maps and when interacting with missionaries in 1815 could draw accurate maps of their iwi boundaries , onto paper, that were the equal of European maps. Missionaries surmised that Māori had traditionally drawn maps on sand or other natural materials. In many areas of New Zealand, Māori lost its role as a living community language used by significant numbers of people in the years. These now extend right through secondary schools kura tuarua. Most preschool centres teach basics such as colours, numerals and greetings in Māori songs and chants. The 1996 census reported 160,000 Māori speakers. At the time of the 2013 census 125,352 Māori 21. Historical development Polynesian settlers in New Zealand developed a distinct society over several hundred years. Social groups were tribal, with no unified society or single Māori identity until after the arrival of Europeans. Nevertheless, common elements could be found in all Māori groups in pre-European New Zealand, including a shared Polynesian heritage, a common basic language, familial associations, traditions of warfare, and similar mythologies and religious beliefs. Most Māori lived in villages, which were inhabited by several extended families who collectively formed a clan or subtribe. Members of a hapū cooperated with food production, gathering resources, raising families and defence. Māori society across New Zealand was broadly stratified into three classes of people: , chiefs and ruling families; tūtūā, commoners; and mōkai, slaves. Shared ancestry, intermarriage and trade strengthened relationships between different groups. Many hapū with mutually-recognised shared ancestry formed , or tribes, which were the largest social unit in Māori society. Hapū and iwi often united for expeditions to gather food and resources, or in times of conflict. In contrast, warfare developed as an integral part of traditional life, as different groups competed for food and resources, settled personal disputes, and sought to increase their prestige and authority. Māori whānau from in the 1880s. Many aspects of Western life and culture, including European clothing and architecture, became incorporated into Māori society during the 19th century. The arrival of Europeans to New Zealand dates back to the 17th century, although it was not until the expeditions of James Cook over a hundred years later that any meaningful interactions occurred between Europeans and Māori. For Māori, the new arrivals brought opportunities for trade, which many groups embraced eagerly. Early European settlers introduced tools, weapons, clothing and foods to Māori across New Zealand, in exchange for resources, land and labour. Māori began selectively adopting elements of Western society during the 19th century, including European clothing and food, and later Western education, religion and architecture. But as the 19th century wore on, relations between European colonial settlers and different Māori groups became increasingly strained. Tensions led to conflict in the 1860s, and the. Significant amounts of land were also purchased by the colonial government and later through the. Māori and Pākehā societies remained largely separate—socially, culturally, economically and geographically—for much of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The key reason for this was that Māori remained almost exclusively a rural population, whereas increasingly the European population was urban especially after 1900. Nevertheless, Māori groups continued to engage with the government and in legal processes to increase their standing in and ultimately further their incorporation into wider New Zealand society. The main point of contact with the government were the four Māori Members of Parliament. Many Māori during the Depression and post-WWII periods in search of employment, leaving rural communities depleted and disconnecting many urban Māori from their traditional social controls and tribal homelands. Yet while standards of living improved among Māori, they continued to lag behind Pākehā in areas such as health, income, skilled employment and access to higher levels of education. Māori leaders and government policymakers alike struggled to deal with stemming from increased urban migration, including a shortage of housing and jobs, and a rise in urban crime, poverty and health problems. In regards to housing, a 1961 census revealed significant differences in the living conditions of Māori and Europeans. That year, out of all the unshared non-Māori private dwellings in New Zealand, 96. By contrast, for all unshared Māori private dwellings that same year, 76. While the arrival of Europeans had a profound impact on the Māori way of life, many aspects of traditional society have survived into the 21st century. Māori participate fully in all spheres of New Zealand culture and society, leading largely Western lifestyles while also maintaining their own cultural and social customs. The traditional social strata of rangatira, tūtūā and mōkai have all but disappeared from Māori society, while the roles of tohunga and are still present. Traditional kinship ties are also actively maintained, and the whānau in particular remains an integral part of Māori life. Marae, hapū and iwi Marae in Taranaki. Marae continue to function as local community centres in modern Māori society. Māori society at a local level is particularly visible at the. Formerly the central meeting spaces in traditional villages, marae today usually comprise a group of buildings around an open space, that frequently host events such as weddings, funerals, church services and other large gatherings, with traditional protocol and etiquette usually observed. They also serve as the base of one or sometimes several hapū. Most Māori affiliate with one or more iwi and hapū , based on genealogical descent. Iwi vary in size, from a few hundred members to over 100,000 in the case of Ngāpuhi. Many people do not live in their traditional tribal regions as a result of urban migration. Iwi are usually governed by governing councils or trust boards which represent the iwi in consultations and negotiations with the New Zealand government. Rūnanga also manage tribal assets and spearhead health, education, economic and social initiatives to help iwi members. Over 50 per cent of Māori live in areas in the three highest deprivation deciles, compared with 24 per cent of the rest of the population. Although Māori make up only 14 per cent of the population, they make up almost 50 per cent of the prison population. Māori have higher unemployment-rates than other cultures resident in New Zealand Māori have higher numbers of suicides than non-Māori. Less frequent use of healthcare services mean that late diagnosis and treatment intervention lead to higher levels of morbidity and mortality in many manageable conditions, such as , per head of population than non-Māori. Although Māori life expectancy rates have increased dramatically in the last 50 years, they still have considerably lower life-expectancies compared to New Zealanders of European ancestry: in 2004, Māori males lived 69. This gap had narrowed by 2013: 72. Also, a recent study by the New Zealand Family Violence Clearinghouse showed that Māori women and children are more likely to experience domestic violence than any other ethnic group. Race relations Protest during the in 2004. The status of Māori as the indigenous people of New Zealand is recognised in by the term lit. Māori as a whole can be considered as tangata whenua of New Zealand entirely; individual iwi are recognised as tangata whenua for areas of New Zealand in which they are traditionally based, while hapū are tangata whenua within their marae. New Zealand law periodically requires consultation between the government and tangata whenua—for example, during major land development projects. This usually takes the form of negotiations between local or national government and the rūnanga of one or more relevant iwi, although the government generally decides which if any concerns are acted upon. New Zealand endorses the United Nations in April 2010. Māori issues are a prominent feature of race relations in New Zealand. Māori protest movements grew significantly in the 1960s and 1970s seeking redress for past grievances, particularly in regard to land rights. Successive governments have responded by enacting programmes, funding cultural rejuvenation initiatives and negotiating tribal settlements for past breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi. Further efforts have focused on cultural preservation and reducing socioeconomic disparity. Nevertheless, race relations remains a contentious issue in New Zealand society. Māori advocates continue to push for further redress claiming that their concerns are being marginalised or ignored. Conversely, critics denounce the scale of assistance given to Māori as amounting to preferential treatment for a select group of people based on race. Both sentiments were highlighted during the in 2004, in which the New Zealand government claimed sole ownership of the New Zealand foreshore and seabed, over the objections of Māori groups who were seeking customary title. The has started a project to develop a legal framework for Māori who want to manage communal resources and responsibilities. The voluntary system proposes an alternative to existing companies, incorporations, and trusts in which tribes and hapū and other groupings can interact with the legal system. At the end of 2009, the proposed legislation was awaiting a second hearing. Wider commercial exposure has increased public awareness of the Māori culture, but has also resulted in several notable legal disputes. In 2001, Danish toymaker Lego faced legal action by several Māori tribal groups fronted by lawyer Maui Solomon and members of the on-line discussion forum Aotearoa Cafe for trademarking Māori words used in naming the Bionicle product range see. Flag of Māori proposed in 1998 Māori have been involved in New Zealand politics since the , before the Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840. Māori have had in the since 1868: presently, this accounts for seven of the 122 seats in New Zealand's unicameral parliament. The contesting of these seats was the first opportunity for many Māori to participate in New Zealand elections, although the elected Māori representatives initially struggled to assert significant influence. Māori received universal suffrage with other New Zealand citizens in 1893. Being a traditionally tribal people, no one organisation ostensibly speaks for all Māori nationwide. The originated in the 1860s as an attempt by several iwi to unify under one leader: in modern times, it serves a largely ceremonial role. Another attempt at political unity was the Kotahitanga Movement, which established a separate Māori Parliament that held annual sessions from 1892 until its last sitting in 1902. 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